Psychology: Learning & Memory

In classical conditioning, what is the term for a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning?

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

What process occurs in classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, leading to a decrease in the conditioned response?

Extinction

How does stimulus generalization differ from stimulus discrimination?

Generalization involves responding to stimuli similar to the CS, while discrimination is the ability to distinguish between the CS and other irrelevant stimuli.

What type of operant conditioning involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?

Positive Reinforcement

In operant conditioning, what is the primary goal of negative reinforcement?

To increase the frequency of a behavior by removing an unpleasant or aversive stimulus.

Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction and provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses?

Variable-ratio schedule

What is the fundamental difference between reinforcement and punishment in Skinner's operant conditioning?

Reinforcement aims to increase a behavior, whereas punishment aims to decrease or eliminate a behavior.

Which psychologist is famous for the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating that children can learn through observation?

Albert Bandura

In observational learning, what occurs when an observer's behavior changes after seeing a model being rewarded for that behavior?

Vicarious reinforcement

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, what are the three stages of memory?

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.