Psychology: Biological Bases of Behavior
Neurons, brain structures, neurotransmitters, and the biological foundations of behavior.
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What are the branch-like extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons?
Dendrites are the structures responsible for receiving incoming electrochemical messages and carrying them to the cell body.
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the brain's reward system and motor control?
Dopamine is the neurotransmitter linked to pleasure, motivation, and movement; imbalances are associated with Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
The occipital lobe, located at the back of the brain, contains the primary visual cortex.
What is the 'all-or-none' law in neural firing?
The principle that a neuron fires at full strength or not at all once the threshold of excitation is reached.
What brain structure is known as the 'little brain' and coordinates voluntary movement and balance?
The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination, posture, and maintaining equilibrium.
What are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream?
Hormones are the chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands that affect distant organs and tissues.
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) acts as the main brake for the brain, reducing neuronal excitability.
Which neurotransmitter is essential for muscle contraction and is also heavily involved in memory formation?
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions and is depleted in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Which limbic system structure is most closely associated with the processing of emotions like fear and aggression?
The amygdala consists of two almond-shaped clusters that play a key role in emotional responses and memory.
What is the function of the hippocampus within the limbic system?
The hippocampus is critical for the formation of new long-term memories and spatial navigation.
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