Psychology: Abnormal Psychology

What is the primary manual used by clinicians in the United States to diagnose mental disorders?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).

Characterize Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in terms of its duration and the nature of its symptoms.

GAD is characterized by persistent, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about various events or activities for at least six months.

Distinguish between obsessions and compulsions as they relate to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Obsessions are repetitive, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts or urges; compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions.

What are the four main symptom clusters of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) according to the DSM-5?

The four clusters are intrusion (flashbacks/nightmares), avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity.

What is the clinical term for the loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, which is a core symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?

Anhedonia.

How do Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorders differ in their diagnostic requirements?

Bipolar I requires at least one full manic episode; Bipolar II requires at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but no full manic episodes.

Explain the 'dopamine hypothesis' of schizophrenia.

This hypothesis suggests that schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of dopamine or oversensitive dopamine receptors, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway.

What is the fundamental difference between a hallucination and a delusion in schizophrenia?

A hallucination is a false sensory perception without an external stimulus, while a delusion is a fixed, false belief maintained despite contradictory evidence.

What are the hallmark characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

BPD is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, along with marked impulsivity and fear of abandonment.

Which personality disorder is defined by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, often involving a lack of remorse?

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD).