Psychiatry: Key Clinical Conditions

What does the mnemonic SIGECAPS stand for in the clinical assessment of Major Depressive Disorder?

Sleep, Interest (anhedonia), Guilt, Energy, Concentration, Appetite, Psychomotor, and Suicidal ideation.

Which class of medications is considered the first-line pharmacological treatment for Major Depressive Disorder?

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).

According to DSM-5, what is the minimum duration of symptoms required to diagnose a manic episode?

At least one week, or any duration if hospitalization is required.

In the context of schizophrenia, what are 'positive symptoms'?

Symptoms that represent an excess or distortion of normal function, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.

What is the primary clinical feature that distinguishes Anorexia Nervosa from Bulimia Nervosa?

Significantly low body weight (typically defined as BMI < 18.5 kg/m² in adults).

To meet DSM-5 criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, excessive anxiety and worry must occur more days than not for at least how long?

Six months.

Which organ systems must be monitored regularly in a patient taking Lithium for Bipolar Disorder?

Renal (kidney) function and Thyroid function.

List three common 'negative symptoms' associated with schizophrenia.

Affective flattening, alogia (poverty of speech), apathy/avolition, and anhedonia.

What are the four main types of Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) caused by first-generation antipsychotics?

Acute dystonia, Akathisia, Parkinsonism, and Tardive Dyskinesia.

Which class of antipsychotics is most strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, including weight gain and dyslipidemia?

Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics, particularly Clozapine and Olanzapine.