Physiology: Renal Function & Fluid Balance
Glomerular filtration, tubular processes, and acid-base regulation by the kidneys.
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What is the definition of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
The total volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit of time.
Which segment of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of the majority of filtered sodium and water?
The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT).
Which hormone directly increases the water permeability of the collecting duct by inserting aquaporin-2 channels?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), also known as Vasopressin.
What is the primary extracellular chemical buffer system used to maintain blood pH?
The Bicarbonate (HCO3-) / Carbon Dioxide (CO2) buffer system.
By what mechanism is glucose reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Secondary active transport via Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporters (SGLT1 and SGLT2) on the apical membrane.
How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) affect the renal arterioles to increase GFR?
ANP dilates the afferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole.
What is the role of the NKCC2 transporter in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?
It actively transports one sodium, one potassium, and two chloride ions out of the tubular lumen into the interstitium.
What specific cells in the kidney act as baroreceptors to sense low blood pressure and release renin?
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells located in the afferent arteriole.
What are the two primary effects of Aldosterone on the principal cells of the collecting duct?
Increased reabsorption of sodium (Na+) and increased secretion of potassium (K+).
How do the kidneys compensate for a state of chronic respiratory acidosis?
By increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate (HCO3-) and increasing the secretion of hydrogen ions (H+).
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