Philosophy: Formal Logic & Reasoning

What is the logical operator that reverses the truth value of a single proposition?

Negation

In an argument, what is the name for a statement that provides support or evidence for a conclusion?

Premise

Which informal fallacy involves attacking the character of the person making the argument rather than the argument itself?

Ad Hominem

What is the final statement in an argument that the premises are intended to support?

Conclusion

Which logical operator is true only if both of its component propositions are true?

Conjunction

Which fallacy occurs when someone misrepresents an opponent's position to make it easier to attack?

Straw Man

What is the difference between a valid argument and a sound argument?

A valid argument has a logical structure where the conclusion follows from premises; a sound argument is valid AND has true premises.

Describe the formal fallacy known as 'Affirming the Consequent.'

It occurs when one assumes that because the 'then' part of a conditional is true, the 'if' part must also be true (If P then Q; Q; therefore P).

What is the 'Undistributed Middle' fallacy in a categorical syllogism?

It occurs when the term that links the major and minor premises is not universal in at least one of the premises.

Which informal fallacy presents only two options as if they are the only possibilities when more exist?

False Dichotomy (or False Dilemma)