Pharmacology: Endocrine & Metabolic Drugs

What is the primary clinical use of Levothyroxine?

Replacement therapy for patients with hypothyroidism.

Which oral hypoglycemic agent is considered the first-line treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Metformin.

Name two examples of rapid-acting insulin analogs.

Insulin Lispro and Insulin Aspart.

What is a common metabolic side effect of systemic corticosteroid therapy regarding blood glucose?

Hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose levels).

What is the typical duration of action for the long-acting insulin Glargine?

Approximately 24 hours.

Why must patients remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking oral Bisphosphonates like Alendronate?

To minimize the risk of severe esophageal irritation and ulceration.

What is the mechanism of action for Sulfonylureas?

They stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells by closing ATP-sensitive potassium (K+) channels.

How do SGLT2 inhibitors like Empagliflozin lower blood glucose levels?

By inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney, leading to glucosuria.

Why is Metformin contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (e.g., GFR < 30)?

There is a significantly increased risk of developing lactic acidosis.

Which antithyroid medication is preferred during the first trimester of pregnancy?

Propylthiouracil (PTU).