Pathology: Respiratory Diseases
Pathophysiology of COPD, asthma, pneumonia, lung cancer, and other respiratory conditions.
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What happens to the FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung diseases like COPD and asthma?
The FEV1/FVC ratio decreases, typically falling below 0.7 (or 70%).
What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?
A productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.
Which bacterium is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What are the three classic symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing, cough, and shortness of breath (dyspnea).
What is the primary environmental risk factor for developing lung cancer?
Cigarette smoking.
What skin test is used to screen for exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
The Mantoux test (or Tuberculin Skin Test/PPD).
What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of emphysema?
The destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of airspaces due to an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases.
What does the Reid Index measure in the context of chronic bronchitis?
The ratio of the thickness of the mucous gland layer to the thickness of the wall between the epithelium and the cartilage.
Which microscopic findings are characteristic of the sputum in bronchial asthma?
Curschmann spirals (mucus plugs) and Charcot-Leyden crystals (eosinophil-derived).
What components make up a Ghon complex in primary tuberculosis?
A Ghon focus (parenchymal lung lesion) and an involved perihilar lymph node.
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