Pathology: GI Diseases
Pathophysiology of GI conditions including GERD, IBD, liver disease, and GI cancers.
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What is the primary physiological cause of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
Transient relaxation or incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
How does H. pylori survive the highly acidic environment of the stomach?
It produces urease, which converts urea into ammonia and CO2 to neutralize gastric acid.
Which part of the GI tract is most commonly affected by Crohn's disease, and what is the characteristic lesion pattern?
The terminal ileum; it presents with 'skip lesions' which are discontinuous areas of inflammation.
What is the typical depth of inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis compared to Crohn's disease?
Ulcerative Colitis involves only the mucosa and submucosa, whereas Crohn's is transmural (full thickness).
Which protein found in wheat, barley, and rye triggers the immune response in Celiac disease?
Gluten, specifically the alcohol-soluble gliadin fraction.
What are the three main histological features defining liver cirrhosis?
Bridging fibrosis, regenerating nodules of hepatocytes, and disruption of the entire liver architecture.
What is the most common route of transmission for Hepatitis A?
The fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water.
Which serological marker is the first to appear in an acute Hepatitis B infection?
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
Why is Hepatitis C more likely than Hepatitis B to progress to chronic infection?
High genomic instability and lack of proofreading by its RNA polymerase allow it to evade the immune system.
What is the fundamental pathophysiology behind acute pancreatitis?
Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes (like trypsin) leading to autodigestion of the pancreatic parenchyma.
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