Nutrition: Vitamins & Minerals

What is the clinical name for the disease caused by a severe deficiency of Vitamin C?

Scurvy

Which fat-soluble vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation?

Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

What is the primary physiological function of Vitamin K?

Blood coagulation (clotting) through the post-translational modification of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

A deficiency in which trace mineral is the most common cause of preventable intellectual disability and goiter worldwide?

Iodine

Which mineral is the most abundant in the human body and is primarily stored in the hydroxyapatite of bones?

Calcium

What is the primary clinical symptom of iron deficiency anemia regarding oxygen transport?

Fatigue and pallor due to reduced hemoglobin levels and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.

Pellagra is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B3 (Niacin). What are the 'three Ds' that characterize its clinical presentation?

Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Dementia.

Which glycoprotein, secreted by the gastric parietal cells, is essential for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the ileum?

Intrinsic Factor

What is the primary difference between the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Adequate Intake (AI)?

RDA is based on the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) to meet the needs of 97-98% of healthy individuals, while AI is used when scientific evidence is insufficient to establish an EAR.

Night blindness (nyctalopia) is an early diagnostic sign of a deficiency in which fat-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin A (Retinol)