Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition & Therapeutic Diets

What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?

BMI is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters (kg/m²).

Which three grains must be strictly avoided in a gluten-free diet for Celiac disease?

Wheat, barley, and rye must be avoided.

What is the primary clinical goal of the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet?

The primary goal is to lower blood pressure by emphasizing fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, and reduced sodium intake.

Why is prealbumin considered a more sensitive marker of acute nutritional status than albumin?

Prealbumin has a much shorter half-life (approximately 2 days) compared to albumin (approximately 20 days), reflecting recent changes.

What does the acronym 'PEG' stand for in the context of enteral nutrition?

PEG stands for Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy.

In carbohydrate counting for diabetic meal planning, how many grams of carbohydrate are typically considered 'one serving'?

One serving of carbohydrate is equal to 15 grams.

What is the hallmark biochemical abnormality found in Refeeding Syndrome?

Hypophosphatemia (low serum phosphorus) is the hallmark, often accompanied by hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia.

Which minerals are typically restricted in the diet of a patient with Stage 4 or 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus are the primary minerals restricted to prevent accumulation.

What are the two main components of the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) for malnutrition?

The SGA is based on medical history (weight change, intake, GI symptoms) and a physical examination (muscle wasting, edema, fat loss).

Under the IDDSI framework, what are the characteristics of Level 4 'Extremely Thick' liquids?

Level 4 liquids cannot be sipped, are usually eaten with a spoon, and do not require chewing.