Microbiology: Virology Essentials

What is the protein shell that surrounds and protects the viral genome called?

The capsid.

Which structural component, derived from the host cell membrane, do some viruses possess outside their capsid?

The envelope.

Most DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus; which large DNA virus is the notable exception that replicates in the cytoplasm?

Poxvirus (e.g., Variola virus).

What is the primary difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral replication?

In the lytic cycle, the virus replicates and bursts the host cell; in the lysogenic cycle, viral DNA integrates into the host genome as a prophage.

Which enzyme allows retroviruses like HIV to convert their RNA genome into DNA?

Reverse transcriptase.

What term describes the major genetic reassortment in Influenza A that can lead to global pandemics?

Antigenic shift.

Which cell surface receptor does the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein bind to for host cell entry?

ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2).

Hepatitis B is unique among human DNA viruses because its genome has what specific structure?

It is a partially double-stranded circular DNA (dsDNA) virus.

Where does Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) typically remain latent within the human body?

The trigeminal ganglia.

What is the mechanism of action for the antiviral drug Acyclovir?

It is a guanosine analog that inhibits viral DNA polymerase after being phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase.