Gastroenterology: Key Clinical Conditions
Clinical features and management of major GI conditions.
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What is Murphy's sign and what clinical condition does it suggest?
Murphy's sign is the cessation of inspiration during deep palpation of the right upper quadrant; it suggests acute cholecystitis.
List four 'alarm symptoms' in a patient with GERD that necessitate urgent endoscopy.
Alarm symptoms include dysphagia, odynophagia, unexplained weight loss, and evidence of GI bleeding or iron deficiency anemia.
Which non-invasive test is commonly used to confirm the eradication of H. pylori after treatment?
The Urea Breath Test or the Stool Antigen Test are used to confirm eradication.
How does the anatomical distribution of Ulcerative Colitis differ from Crohn's Disease?
Ulcerative Colitis involves continuous inflammation starting from the rectum, while Crohn's Disease features 'skip lesions' anywhere from mouth to anus.
What is the standard first-line diuretic regimen for managing ascites in a patient with cirrhosis?
A combination of Spironolactone and Furosemide, typically maintained at a 100:40 mg ratio.
Define hematemesis and state its most common clinical implication.
Hematemesis is the vomiting of bright red blood or coffee-ground material, indicating an upper GI bleed proximal to the ligament of Treitz.
What is the mechanism of action of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in treating GERD?
PPIs irreversibly inhibit the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system (the proton pump) in gastric parietal cells, blocking the final step of acid secretion.
Identify the five parameters measured in the Ranson Criteria at the time of admission for acute pancreatitis.
The parameters are Age > 55, WBC count > 16,000, Blood glucose > 200 mg/dL, AST > 250 IU/L, and LDH > 350 IU/L.
What is the diagnostic threshold for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) based on ascitic fluid analysis?
An absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 250 cells/mm³ or greater in the ascitic fluid.
Which class of medications is used for the primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding?
Non-selective beta-blockers, such as Propranolol or Nadolol.
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