ENT: Ear, Nose & Throat Conditions

What are the three small bones located in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations?

The ossicles, consisting of the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup).

In a Weber test, if the sound lateralizes to the 'bad' ear, what type of hearing loss is suspected?

Conductive hearing loss.

What is the most common anatomical site for anterior epistaxis?

Kiesselbach's plexus (also known as Little's area) on the anterior nasal septum.

Which bacterial pathogen is the most common cause of acute pharyngitis?

Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes).

What is the minimum duration of symptoms required to classify rhinosinusitis as 'chronic'?

12 weeks.

Which clinical maneuver is considered the gold standard for diagnosing Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)?

The Dix-Hallpike maneuver.

How does a Rinne test result appear in a patient with sensorineural hearing loss?

Air conduction is greater than bone conduction (AC > BC), which is a 'positive' or normal-pattern result.

What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated Acute Otitis Media in children?

High-dose Amoxicillin.

What classic triad of symptoms defines Ménière's disease?

Episodic vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss (usually low-frequency), and tinnitus (often with aulral fullness).

List the four original components of the Centor criteria used to evaluate pharyngitis.

Fever, tonsillar exudates, tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, and absence of cough.