Cardiology: Key Clinical Conditions

What ECG finding is the hallmark of a ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)?

ST-segment elevation of 1mm or more in two or more contiguous leads (or new LBBB).

What does the acronym HFpEF stand for in the context of cardiology?

Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (typically defined as EF ≥ 50%).

What are the three components of Beck's triad for cardiac tamponade?

Hypotension, jugular venous distension (JVD), and muffled heart sounds.

What is the primary clinical use of the Duke criteria?

To provide a standardized diagnostic framework for Infective Endocarditis.

What is the purpose of the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score?

To estimate the risk of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and guide anticoagulation.

What distinguishes a hypertensive emergency from a hypertensive urgency?

Hypertensive emergency involves acute end-organ damage (e.g., stroke, MI, renal failure), whereas urgency does not.

How is an NSTEMI differentiated from Unstable Angina (UA) clinically?

NSTEMI presents with elevated cardiac biomarkers (Troponin), while Unstable Angina has negative biomarkers.

Which four classes of medications are considered the 'four pillars' of HFrEF management?

ARNI (or ACEi/ARB), Beta-blockers, Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), and SGLT2 inhibitors.

In atrial fibrillation management, when is rhythm control generally preferred over rate control?

In patients who remain symptomatic despite rate control, young patients, or those with heart failure exacerbated by AFib.

What is the classic clinical triad of symptoms for severe aortic stenosis?

Angina, Syncope, and Dyspnea (often remembered by the acronym SAD).