Earth Science: Geology Basics
Rock cycle, plate tectonics, minerals, and geological processes.
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What is the hardest mineral on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness?
Diamond
Which rock type forms from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma or lava)?
Igneous rock
What type of plate boundary occurs where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally?
Transform boundary
What is the point on the Earth's surface located directly above the focus of an earthquake?
Epicenter
What is the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition?
Physical (or mechanical) weathering
What term describes the way a mineral reflects light from its surface?
Luster
Why do intrusive igneous rocks typically exhibit a phaneritic (coarse-grained) texture compared to extrusive rocks?
Intrusive rocks cool slowly beneath the Earth's surface, allowing more time for large crystals to grow.
How do clastic sedimentary rocks differ from chemical sedimentary rocks in terms of formation?
Clastic rocks form from the accumulation of rock fragments, while chemical rocks precipitate from mineral-rich solutions.
What geological process causes foliation in metamorphic rocks?
Differential stress or directed pressure that aligns platy minerals perpendicular to the direction of maximum stress.
What specific features are typically formed at an oceanic-continental convergent boundary?
A continental volcanic arc and an oceanic trench.
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