Computer Science: Networking Fundamentals

Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for logical addressing and routing packets across different networks?

The Network Layer (Layer 3).

What is the standard port number used for secure web traffic via HTTPS?

Port 443.

What is the primary functional difference between TCP and UDP regarding data delivery?

TCP is connection-oriented and guarantees delivery through acknowledgments, while UDP is connectionless and does not guarantee delivery.

In the context of HTTP status codes, what does a '404' error indicate?

Not Found; the server could not find the requested resource.

Which port is commonly used for Secure Shell (SSH) to provide encrypted remote login?

Port 22.

Which OSI layer is closest to the end-user and provides services like DNS, HTTP, and SMTP?

The Application Layer (Layer 7).

What are the three steps of the TCP three-way handshake used to establish a connection?

1. SYN (Synchronize), 2. SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledge), 3. ACK (Acknowledge).

What is the purpose of Network Address Translation (NAT)?

NAT allows multiple devices on a private local network to share a single public IP address by mapping private IPs to the public one.

Explain the difference between a recursive DNS query and an iterative DNS query.

In a recursive query, the DNS server does all the work to find the IP; in an iterative query, the server provides a referral to another DNS server if it doesn't know the answer.

What is the function of a Subnet Mask in an IPv4 address?

A subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address and divides the IP address into the network address and the host address.