Chemistry: Chemical Bonds
Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds — understand how atoms connect to form molecules and compounds.
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What type of chemical bond is formed by the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another?
An ionic bond.
Which periodic trend describes an atom's ability to attract shared electrons within a chemical bond?
Electronegativity.
What model is commonly used to describe the bonding in metals where valence electrons are delocalized?
The 'sea of electrons' model (Metallic bonding).
According to the octet rule, atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve how many valence electrons?
Eight valence electrons.
In a Lewis structure, what do the dots surrounding an elemental symbol represent?
Valence electrons.
How does bond length typically change as the bond order (number of shared pairs) increases?
Bond length decreases as bond order increases.
What two primary factors determine the magnitude of lattice energy in an ionic crystal according to Coulomb's Law?
The charges of the ions and the distance between them (ionic radii).
What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with four bonding pairs and zero lone pairs on the central atom?
Tetrahedral.
Why is the H-O-H bond angle in water (104.5°) smaller than the ideal tetrahedral angle (109.5°)?
Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than bonding pair-bonding pair repulsion, compressing the bond angle.
What is the formula for calculating the formal charge of an atom in a Lewis structure?
Formal Charge = (Valence electrons) - (Non-bonding electrons) - 0.5 * (Bonding electrons).
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