Biology: Cell Structure & Function
Master cell biology fundamentals — organelles, membranes, and cellular processes. From mitochondria to ribosomes, learn what makes cells work.
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What are the three main tenets of the cell theory?
All living things are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all new cells arise from existing cells.
What is the primary structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound structures.
Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell for its role in ATP production?
The mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria).
What is the primary function of ribosomes within a cell?
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where genetic instructions are translated into amino acid chains.
Which two structures are found in plant cells but typically absent in animal cells?
The cell wall and chloroplasts.
What is the definition of osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.
How does the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) differ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
The RER is studded with ribosomes and modifies proteins, while the SER synthesizes lipids, detoxifies chemicals, and stores calcium ions.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane system?
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
What is the function of lysosomes in animal cells?
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, damaged organelles, and foreign pathogens.
Describe the 'fluid mosaic model' of the plasma membrane.
It describes the membrane as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins—that can move freely and fluidly.
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