Biochemistry: Metabolic Pathways
Major metabolic pathways — glycolysis, TCA cycle, beta-oxidation, and gluconeogenesis.
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What is the net chemical equation for glycolysis starting from one molecule of glucose?
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
In which specific part of the eukaryotic cell does the Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle occur?
The mitochondrial matrix.
What molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
Molecular oxygen (O2), which is reduced to water (H2O).
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating glycolysis and inhibiting gluconeogenesis in response to high blood glucose?
Insulin.
What is the name of the enzyme complex that synthesizes ATP using the energy from a proton gradient?
ATP Synthase (also known as Complex V).
How many carbon atoms are present in a single molecule of Acetyl-CoA?
Two carbons (the acetyl group).
Which enzyme catalyzes the 'committed step' of glycolysis and is allosterically inhibited by high levels of ATP and citrate?
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) requires five specific cofactors. Name them.
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), Coenzyme A (CoA-SH), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and Lipoate.
Which specific step in the TCA cycle involves substrate-level phosphorylation to produce GTP (or ATP)?
The conversion of Succinyl-CoA to Succinate, catalyzed by Succinyl-CoA synthetase.
Explain the unique role of Complex II (Succinate Dehydrogenase) in the electron transport chain compared to Complexes I, III, and IV.
Complex II transfers electrons from succinate to the electron pool (via FADH2) but does not pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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