AP Government & Politics: Key Concepts

What is the primary purpose of the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

The Tenth Amendment reserves all powers not specifically delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.

Which house of Congress has the constitutional power to initiate all revenue-raising bills?

The House of Representatives has the sole power to initiate bills for raising revenue.

What is an executive agreement, and how does it differ from a treaty?

An executive agreement is an international agreement made by the president that does not require Senate ratification, unlike a formal treaty.

What is the power of judicial review?

Judicial review is the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of laws or executive actions.

Which amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote?

The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, guaranteed that the right to vote shall not be denied on account of sex.

What is a closed primary election?

A closed primary is an election where only voters registered with a specific political party can vote for that party's candidates.

Contrast categorical grants with block grants in the context of federalism.

Categorical grants are for specific purposes with strict federal guidelines, while block grants provide broad funding with more state flexibility.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Gideon v. Wainwright?

It ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires states to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who cannot afford one.

What is the role of the House Rules Committee in the legislative process?

The House Rules Committee sets the terms for debate, including time limits and whether amendments are allowed, before a bill reaches the floor.

How does the 'bully pulpit' allow the President to influence the policy agenda?

The president uses the prestige and visibility of the office to communicate directly with the public to build support for their legislative goals.